Ncert

 NCERT Class 12 Political Science: Politics in India Since Independence covers the major themes and  in Indian political history from 1947 onwards. The textbook is structured into nine chapters that explore key phases and issues in post-independence India. 

ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/leps208.pdf

Challenges of Nation Building: Focuses on the integration of princely states, the legacy of partition, refugee resettlement, and the Kashmir issue. 

Era of One-Party Dominance: Analyzes the Congress party's dominance in the first three general elections and the nature of its political hegemony. 

Politics of Planned Development: Discusses the role of five-year plans, the Green Revolution, and the rise of new economic interests. 

India’s External Relations: Examines Nehru’s foreign policy, non-alignment, and India’s relations with Pakistan and China. 

Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System: Covers the Congress split, the 1971 elections, and the political fallout of the Emergency (1975–77). 

The Crisis of Democratic Order: Details the context, declaration, and controversies surrounding the Emergency. 

Rise of Popular Movements: Explores movements like the Chipko and Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Regional Aspirations: Addresses the reorganization of states and demands for autonomy.

Recent Developments in Indian Politics: Covers coalition governments, the rise of regional parties, Mandalisation, the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, and the new economic reforms from the 1990s a onward. 

The book emphasizes understanding political processes through thematic analysis rather than a chronological narrative. It is aligned with the CBSE curriculum and is a key resource for board exams and competitive exams like UPSC. 

For detailed study, refer to the official NCERT textbook: Politics in India Since Independence (2025–26 Edition). .